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Urban planification

Mixed Land Use

CONTEXT

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The mixed use of land means the confluence of a series of complementary uses in a balanced manner, thereby avoiding the isolation or specialisation of areas or neighbourhoods by use. The integration of residential, commercial, tertiary, industrial, work and leisure uses provides multiple destinations in relative proximity.

The activities that generate most trips, such as shopping, work, leisure, education and health, facilitate active travel (by bicycle or on foot) if they are located within the area they serve, and therefore they increase physical activity levels.

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In a typically “metropolitan” situation it can be stated that a large proportion of weekend and holiday mobility is related to a lack of leisure services and green areas in the urban layout. Incorporating public areas equipped with resources that facilitate physical activity in open spaces, games areas, picnic areas, etc. into the urban design discourages the acquisition of second homes and, in general, weekend trips.

Moreover, this urban development model increases vitality and the perception of safety because it increases the number of people on the streets and in public spaces in general, fostering social relations and generating a positive impact on physical and mental health.

The mixed use of land allows cities to be more resilient, given that, if they are planned well, the different uses help improve their competitiveness and self-sufficiency in all aspects (energy, social, etc.) and reducing the effects of climate change is easier to achieve.

 

OBJECTIVE

  • Foster the mixed use of land, avoiding the isolation or specialisation of areas or neighbourhoods.

PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

  • Implement urban planning that fosters and facilitates the mixture of uses and activities (different types of housing, offices, shops, educational centres, public and leisure services, green areas, research and technological innovation facilities, etc.) in a single territory and prevent the development of specialist areas in a single activity. It is necessary to incorporate planning options to foster diverse uses on the same piece of land, either through open regulations on admitted uses or through dual qualifications (on the surface and in the subsoil, on the ground floor and upper floors, etc.).
  • Plan housing and work sites in proximity to green areas, parks, paths, etc. 
  • Foster shopping and services around housing and office areas, creating opportunities to live a sustainable lifestyle.
  • Plan areas where there are public transport stations in such a way that they include the availability of public housing, commercial development and green areas.
  • Ensure the existence of public spaces and leisure areas (open spaces, paths, parks, leisure areas, etc.) in the city centre that are accessible for all. Consider the possibility of integrating green and blue spaces to enrich the beauty of the areas, propitiating opportunities to enjoy the environment and connect people.
  • Place limitations on or ban the creation of large commercial establishments in urban perimeters.
  • Adapt nocturnal services and activities to help improve the natural surveillance of the area.
  • Adapt the infrastructure of school environments to foster physical activity. Consider including: children's play parks, rest areas, areas to play freely, areas for extracurricular activities and safe areas for cycling or walking to catch the bus.
  • Adapt the design of streets and parks to promote physical activity for all types of people, conditions and ages. Consider utility (going somewhere or doing something), recreational physical activity (leisure) or both. Design these areas to be multifunctional and meet multiple demands (sport, leisure, playing games, relaxing, socialising, use of nature, culture, etc.).
  • Plan and develop a network of green spaces to cover all the neighbourhoods in order facilitate access to local urban parks.

REFERENCE EXPERIENCES

Information only available in Catalan

 

  • Freiburg. Promouen una ciutat compacte i descentralitzada. Amb unitats funcionals on hi hagi molts o tots els serveis i que aquests siguin accessibles a peu per a tothom. Es fan seu el lema ‘a city of short distances’. Usos variats del carrer. Disposen de diversos ‘play streets’ en els quals els nens que hi juguen tenen prioritat. I en relació al tràfic de bicis aquest està explícitament autoritzat a circular contra direcció en alguns carrers.
    • Stadt Freiburg. Klaus Siegl. Head of the project group Rieselfeld. The new district of Freiburg-Rieselfeld: a case study of successful, sustainable urban development. 2009. 
  • Viana do Castelo. Les accions principals incloses dins el Pla estratègic de la ciutat foren escollides a partir de l’efectivitat i l’impacte en la gent. Així, s’efectuaren a les zones més conegudes no només pels habitants sinó també pels visitants: el centre històric i el riu.
    Un dels objectius de la seva reforma urbana ha estat el de reforçar el rol del centre urbà, i fer-ho en relació als conceptes de desenvolupament urbà sostenible. Retornar-lo als vianants i conservar-ne el llegat urbà n’han estat les peces clau. Les zones renovades, centre històric i façana marítima foren concebudes per encabir-hi múltiples usos: professionals, esportius i de lleure. El centre urbà també va experimentar un canvi en els usos motoritzats. El transit es va treure de tot el centre urbà: es va habilitar un anell de trànsit que el circumval·lava i un únic eix que el creuava. Només es va permetre l’accés a vehicles especials relacionats amb les activitats de salut i comerç del centre històric.
    Creació d’una façana ‘marítima’ atractiva i dinàmica. Tot l’espai que es trobava al costat del riu, que estava dedicat només a aparcament en superfície, va experimentar una gran transformació. Varen crear tota una façana al costat del riu, d’espai públic, orientada al lleure i amb derivades estètiques i ambientals que, al seu torn, pretenia ser sostenible en termes de manteniment, renovació i usos. Això suposà la construcció d’habitatges, però reduint molt el seu impacte visual, i també la construcció d’una carretera que al seu torn hi permetia l’accés i feia de corredor del transit que es treia del centre urbà. A la façana del riu s’hi creà una nova marina, nous jardins i un carril bici; combinat amb el trasllat i la incorporació de nous serveis de l’administració. Això provoca que els habitants i els turistes tinguin raons quotidianes (laborals, d’oci i d’habitatge) per visitar i gaudir de tota la zona renovada.
  • Copenhague. La ciutat ha impulsat diferents accions per afavorir usos mixtes del sòl i dels espais. En destaquen les Escoles multifuncionals i els diferents usos canviants dels carrers.
    Un dels reptes de la ciutat fa referència als usos dels centres educatius més enllà de l’horari acadèmic. A nivell d’estalvi, de sostenibilitat i de creació d’espais urbans compartits cal pensar en les escoles com a edificis i espais oberts a tota la ciutadania i més enllà de l’horari escolar -24 hores al dia, si es pot-. Els gimnasos i patis es poden obrir, i també les biblioteques escolars, i les classes.
  • Bristol. Diumenges els carrers tancats als vehicles i oberts als vianants (igual que a Bordeaux i Bogotà). No només al centre de la ciutat sinó també en diferents barris.
    • In it for good. Bristol 2015 Green Capital. 2015. Bristol City Council. 
       
  • Freiburg. Usos variats del carrer. Disposen de diversos ‘play streets’ en els quals els nens que hi juguen tenen prioritat. I en relació al tràfic de bicis aquest està explícitament autoritzat a circular contra direcció en alguns carrers.
    • Stadt Freiburg. Klaus Siegl. Head of the project group Rieselfeld. The new district of Freiburg-Rieselfeld: a case study of successful, sustainable urban development. 2009. 

 

LEGISLATION

STUDIES AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION

Guides and documents:

 

Scientific papers:

  • Adams, M. A. et al. (2015) ‘Patterns of Walkability, Transit, and Recreation Environment for Physical Activity’, Am J Prev, 49(6), pp. 878–887. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.024.Patterns.
  • Albercht, S. et al. (2015) ‘Change in waist circumference with longer time in the US among Hispanic and Chinese immigrants: the modifying role of the neighborhood built environment Sandra’, Ann Epidemiol., 25(10), pp. 767–772. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.07.003.Change.
  • Bourdeaudhuij, I. De et al. (2015) ‘International study of perceived neighbourhood environmental attributes and Body Mass Index : IPEN Adult study in 12 countries’, pp. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12966-015-0228-y.
  • Carlson, J. A. et al. (2015) ‘Association between neighborhood walkability and GPS- measured walking, bicycling and vehicle time in adolescents Jordan’, Health & Place, 32, pp. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.12.008.Association.
  • Chaudhury, H. et al. (2016) ‘Social Science & Medicine Neighbourhood environment and physical activity in older adults’, Social Science & Medicine. Elsevier Ltd, 149, pp. 104–113. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.12.011.
  • Chen, P. and Shen, Q. (2016) ‘Built environment effects on cyclist injury severity in automobile-involved bicycle crashes’, Accident Analysis and Prevention. Elsevier Ltd, 86, pp. 239–246. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.11.002.
  • Chum, A. and Campo, P. O. (2015) ‘Cross-sectional associations between residential environmental exposures and cardiovascular diseases’. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1788-0.
  • Gao, M., Ahern, J. and Koshland, C. P. (2016) ‘Perceived built environment and health-related quality of life in four types of neighborhoods in Xi ’ an , China’, Health & Place. Elsevier, 39, pp. 110–115. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.03.008.
  • Graziose, M. M. et al. (2016) ‘Association Between the Built Environment in School Neighborhoods With Physical Activity Among New York City Children, 2012’, Preventing Chronic Disease, 13, p. 150581.
  • Heerman, W. J. et al. (2016) ‘Parental perception of built environment characteristics and built environment use among Latino families : a cross-sectional study’, BMC Public Health. BMC Public Health, pp. 1–8. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3854-7.
  • James, P., Hart, J. E. and Laden, F. (2015) ‘Exposures to Walkability and Particulate Air Pollution in a Nationwide Cohort of Women’, Environmental Research, 142, pp. 703–711. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.09.005.Exposures.
  • Katapally, T. R., Rainham, D. and Muhajarine, N. (2015) ‘Factoring in weather variation to capture the in fl uence of urban design and built environment on globally recommended levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity in children’, pp. 1–10. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009045.
  • Kerr, J. et al. (2016) ‘Perceived Neighborhood Environmental Attributes Associated with Walking and Cycling for Transport among Adult Residents of 17 Cities in 12 Countries : The IPEN Study’, Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(3), pp. 290–298.
  • King, A. C. et al. (2015) ‘An observational study identifying obese subgroups among older adults at increased risk of mobility disability : do perceptions of the neighborhood environment matter?’, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12, p. 157. doi: 10.1186/s12966-015-0322-1.
  • Kolbe-alexander, T. L. et al. (2015) ‘The relationship between the built environment and habitual levels of physical activity in South African older adults : a pilot study’, pp. 1–9. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1853-8.
  • Koohsari, M. J. et al. (2015) ‘Public open space, physical activity, urban design and public health: Concepts, methods and research agenda’, Health and Place. Elsevier, 33, pp. 75–82. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.02.009.
  • Koohsari, M. J. and Hanibuchi, T. (2017) ‘Associations of Neighborhood Environmental Attributes with Walking in Japan : Moderating Effects of Area-Level Socioeconomic Status’, J Urban Health. Journal of Urban Health. doi: 10.1007/s11524-017-0199-1.
  • Kurka, J. et al. (2015) ‘Patterns of neighborhood environment attributes in relation to children ’ s physical activity’, Health & Place. Elsevier, 34, pp. 164–170. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.006.
  • Lavin, J. et al. (2016) ‘Neighborhood and family perceived environments associated with children ’ s physical activity and body mass index’, Preventive Medicine. Elsevier Inc., 82, pp. 35–41. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.11.005.
  • Liao, Y. et al. (2016) ‘Associations of Perceived and Objectively-Measured Neighborhood Environmental Attributes With Leisure-Time Sitting for Transport’, Journal of physical activity & health.
  • Malambo, P. et al. (2017) ‘Association between perceived built environmental attributes and physical activity among adults in South Africa’, BMVCPublic Health. BMC Public Health, 17, p. 213. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4128-8.
  • Markevych, I. et al. (2016) ‘Neighbourhood and physical activity in German adolescents : GINIplus and LISAplus’, Environmental Research. Elsevier, 147, pp. 284–293. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.023.
  • Mccormack, G. R. et al. (2016) ‘Supportive neighbourhood built characteristics and dog-walking in Canadian adults’, Can J Public Health, 107(3), p. e250. doi: 10.17269/CJPH.107.5360.
  • Mcinerney, M. et al. (2016) ‘Associations between the neighbourhood food environment , neighbourhood socioeconomic status , and diet quality : An observational study’, BMC Public Health. BMC Public Health. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3631-7.
  • Mertens, L. et al. (2016) ‘Perceived environmental correlates of cycling for transport among adults in five regions of Europe’, Obesity reviews, 17, pp. 53–61. doi: 10.1111/obr.12379.
  • Miranda, J. J. et al. (2016) ‘Patterns and Determinants of Physical Inactivity in Rural and Urban Areas in Peru : A Population-Based Study’, pp. 654–662.
  • Mitchell, C. A., Clark, A. F. and Gilliland, J. A. (2016) ‘Built Environment Influences of Children ’ s Physical Activity : Examining Differences by Neighbourhood Size and Sex’. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13010130.
  • Nehme, E. K. et al. (2014) ‘Environmental Correlates of Recreational Walking in the Neighborhood’, American journal of health promotion : AJHP, 0(0). doi: 10.4278/ajhp.130531-QUAN-281.
  • Paul, P., Carlson, S. A. and Fulton, J. E. (2017) ‘Walking and the Perception of Neighborhood Attributes Among U.S. Adults, 2012’, Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 14(1), pp. 36–44.
  • Perchoux, C. et al. (2015) ‘Accounting for the daily locations visited in the study of the built environment correlates of recreational walking ( the RECORD Cohort Study )’, Preventive Medicine. Elsevier Inc., 81, pp. 142–149. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.08.010.
  • Ruff, R. R., Akhund, A. and Adjoian, T. (2014) ‘Small Convenience Stores and the Local Food Environment : An Analysis of Resident Shopping Behavior Using Multilevel Modeling’, American Journal of Health Promotion, 0(0). doi: 10.4278/ajhp.140326-QUAN-121.
  • Waygood, E. O. D., Sun, Y. and Letarte, L. (2018) ‘Active Travel by Built Environment and Lifecycle Stage : Case Study of Osaka Metropolitan Area’, (November 2015), pp. 15900–15924. doi: 10.3390/ijerph121215027.
  • Zhou, P., Grady, S. C. and Chen, G. (2017) ‘How the built environment affects change in older people ’ s physical activity : A mixed- methods approach using longitudinal health survey data in urban China’, Social Science & Medicine. Elsevier Ltd, 192, pp. 74–84. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.032.

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Date of last update:
ds., 08 de maig 2021 21:11:57 +0000